托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

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　　回顾托福阅览的一切题型，其中有2种题型占有的份额最高----“词汇题”和“现实信息题”，前者每一场考试大概调查10-12题左右，而后者大概也会调查12题左右。因而，从每一场考试的39-42题总量上来看，这两种题型就占有了半壁河山。从难度系数上来看现实信息题的难度显着高于词汇题。那么，今日笔者计划简略谈一谈该题型的解决方法。

　　1. 发问方法：

　　Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?

　　例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? （TPO 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists）

　　Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?

　　例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? （TPO 30 Role of Playin Development）

　　剖析：经过以上两种不一样发问方法能够总结出该题型有以下几个特色：

　　1). 该题型是就某段话傍边的某个细节信息（即发问方法1中的X）进行发问。

　　2). 该题型能够环绕该细节信息的不一样方面进行发问，经过特别疑问词which;what; why; how能够看出。

　　3). 由于题干中未呈现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在调查文本信息的字面意义，无需考生进行文本的隐含义推理。

　　2. 解题过程：

　　Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词

　　留意：如果是发问方法1, 那么定位词则是坐落介词of/with/ to后边的信息。

　　如果是发问方法2, 那么定位词通常是名词，而且对错主题性的名词（当然定位词不一定只能找一个，通常能够找2到3个，由于定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越准确。）

　　例：

　　Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals？(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

　　剖析：经过发问方法类似于第1种发问方法，本来题干能够改写成whichof the following statements is true of the challenge to researchers who… 因而，定位词应该是坐落介词of后边的challenge toresearchers。至于后边的playbehavior就不需求了，由于它归于通篇的主题词。

　　Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)

　　剖析：经过发问方法归于第2种发问方法，因而考生们应该在题干中找出名词有些，考生们能够看到两组名词：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks, 而且这两组词都是咱们所需求的定位词。

　　Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)

　　剖析：经过题干找出题干中唯一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 可是却发现整篇文章都在评论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的发问方法是考生们最怕看到的，由于定位词无效。此刻主张考生们能够反过来先读选项，然后依据选项中的定位词回读阶段寻觅答案。

　　Step 2: 经过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。

　　留意：在定位的过程中考生们也许会遇到以下2个疑问：

　　疑问1：定位词在原文中也许对错原文原词（如果是专有名词通常在原文中即是原文原词，但如果是一般名词则有也许对错原文原词）。

　　例1：定位词为原文原词的状况

　　Paragraph 1: Evolutionary biologists believe thatspeciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind ofphysical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species intoseparate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotesthe formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation canno longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchangevariant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of geneflow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups beginto accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinctthat they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them wereremoved. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciationis known as allopatry(“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).（TPO31 Speciationin Geographically Isolated Populations）

　　Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?

　　剖析：此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词，在原文中为原文原词，即最终一句话为定位句。

　　例2：定位词为非原文原词的状况

　　Paragraph 2: Playappears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairlysophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studiedmost extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play isstill a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not bethe same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficultbecause the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing upuntil the animal's adulthood. （TPO30 Role of Play in Development）

　　According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?

　　O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.

　　O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.

　　O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.

　　O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.

　　剖析：此题干中的定位词为challenge & researchers, 在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词，可是能够找到challenge的同义更换方式difficult, 因而该句便是咱们所需求的定位句。

　　疑问2：定位词在原文中呈现不止一次。

　　Paragraph 7: Occasionally, a sequence offossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organismover a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon' s studies of trilobites, a now extinct marineanimal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million yearsof evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobitespecies was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments ---typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. Nosignificant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude thatenvironmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined. （TPO30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change）

　　According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?

　　O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period

　　O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history

　　O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability

　　O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.

　　剖析：经过题干找出定位词Peter Sheldon & trilobites, 然后回读原文进行定位，考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别呈现2次。因而，考生们需求定位的规模变大，难度由此也加大了。这种类型的现实信息题是考生们在考场上最不情愿看到的一种，可是很不幸的是由最新的几套TPO中的例题显现这种类型的标题正在变多，所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平常在操练时加大这种类型的考题的操练。

　　Step3: 对比定位句与选项的内容，选出语义最接近的选项。

　　留意：1). 考生们所看到的定位句也许是一个十分长的语句，而选项相对对比简略，所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需求的能答复疑问的有些。简略点说即是比如题干中问你why….；那么，此刻考生们在剖析原文定位句时应该要点看because这种能够解说的有些。

　　2). 考生们在对比定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需求掌握文本的字面意思即可。

　　例1：

　　Paragraph 3: To what extent competition determines the composition of acommunity and the density of particular species has been the source ofconsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot beobserved directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of onespecies and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. TheRussian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experimentsin the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only asingle kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and offield observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerousseeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually beexplained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a majorjoint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. （TPO 29 Competition）

　　Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they

　　O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species

　　O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken

　　O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche

　　O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source

　　解题过程：

　　1). 读题干，找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后掌握标题问的内容是有对于G的试验的importance。

　　2). 经过定位词回到原文进行定位，坐落第三句话。可是第三句只提到了定位词之一，接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law, 能够对应题干中想问的importance。

　　3). 第3句和第4句两句定位句的粗心为“当只要一种食物来历被供给时，两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些试验和观察就形成了竞赛互斥规则----没有哪两种物种能够占有相同的生态圈”，接下来阅览四个选项，发现C选项粗心符合----确定了竞赛将会移除其他一切的物种在任何一个生态圈里边。

　　例2：

　　As railroad linesfanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois andthen Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercialagriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlersaccustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grasswere an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestemall grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate thedensely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farmsalong the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however,John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sodwithout soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaperthat harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up withdemand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually. (TPO 33 Railroads andCommercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States)

　　Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because

　　A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

　　B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

　　C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.

　　D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.

　　解题过程：

　　1).读题干，找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 而且捉住题干问的要点是because

　　2).依据定位词定位到榜首句和第三句这么的语义群，这么的语义群能够给咱们供给一个大规模定位，然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句即是咱们需求的准确定位点。

　　3).定位句的语义大概为“由于东部的播种东西无法穿透这儿的根部缠结在一起的草，因而，前期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区。”接下来阅览四个选项，只要A选项提到了由于耕耘东西的因素，所以挑选A选项。

　　3. 总结：

　　1).此种题型必需要先阅览题干，摸清题干所问的具体内容，然后再读文章进行定位

　　2).此种题型既能够只调查某一个特定的定位句了解；一起也能够调查2-3个定位句规模的意群了解。但无论怎样，考生绝对不是漫无意图地查找，而是依据题干有意图性地寻觅答案。