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　　代词，往往是咱们英语学习中最容易忽略的一类单词，由于它们自身并没有太多颜色，太多意义。可是代词的精确运用会让咱们的英语表达愈加地道，在英语写作方面，它们也让咱们的语句结构愈加紧凑。

　　在托福阅览中，指代题虽然题量不大，可是除了指代题以外，现实信息题、语句刺进题以及揣度题的许多考点即是清楚地知道代词的指代。假如咱们精确领悟代词的指代，许多标题都能够方便的处理。

　　下面将从指代题、现实信息题和揣度题下手，逐个剖析代词指代的重要性。

　　1、指代题

　　例题1：

　　Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

　　The word they in the passage refers to

　　○valleys

　　○trees

　　○heights

　　○ridges

　　首要，在调查指代题时，代词“they”在题干中打上暗影，而且原文中代词“they”也打上了暗影，所以指代题不需要定位。

　　其次，在回答指代题时，咱们只需要看两句话，一是代词地点的这句，二是前面一句。以这道题为例，咱们这句话是由since引导的因素状语从句，主句的主语是trees, 然后trees地点的这句话又接了个even though引导的退让状语从句，而从句中的主语是代词，很明显它指代的即是主句中的主语，所以答案是“trees”。所以咱们得出了一条规则：在主从复合句中，主语应当是共同的。

　　例题2：

　　Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

　　The word them in the passage refers to

　　○workers

　　○political party loyalties

　　○disagreements over tactics

　　○agents of opportunity

　　拿到这道题，咱们发现代词“them”在这句话的句首，for them对他们来说，所以这道题的指代在上一句中。咱们不难发现，上一句话中呈现了大量的名词短语的并排，而选项中B和C在原文中是以并排形式呈现的，标明重要性共同，所以优先扫除这两个选项，那么上句话中仅有提到的名词又在选项中呈现的，只要A。

　　提示广阔托儿们，当两个选项在文中是以并排或罗列形式呈现，那么咱们首要先扫除这两个选项。

　　2、现实信息题

　　例题1：

　　Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.

　　According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that

　　○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen

　　○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting

　　○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls

　　○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting

　　现实信息题首要调查的即是精确定位和同义变换的能力，所以只需要带着题干中的信息到文章定位，阅览有关的一两句话，找到同义改写，即能选出答案。可是对许多考生来说，精确定位不难，可是究竟咱们应当阅览定位信息的什么地方，前面仍是后面，亦或是该句自身？

　　首要，题干中的名词：chips是解题要害，到文中定位到第七行倒数第二个单词，咱们发现这句话的主语是this theory, 所以chips想要提出的理论，应当在上句话中。往前看一句，咱们发现该句的主语是another explanation, 很明显这是阶段的分观点二，所以答案即是这一句，画动物的理由是improve their luck at hunting, 选项D最好地表达了这个概念。

　　3、揣度题

　　揣度题一向都被许多学生“厌弃”，由于它太难了，精确率老是提不上来，要不即是不知道怎样揣度，要不即是过度臆想，横竖即是想不通答案的来历。当今天朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们将从代词指代的视点协助大家处理揣度题。

　　例题1：

　　Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

　　What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

　　○They are considered by some to be reptiles.

　　○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

　　○They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

　　○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

　　首要：题干中呈现“infer”、“imply”和“indicate”标明它是揣度题，顾名思义，揣度题的答案文中没有清晰给出，可是答案必定根据原文，必定是原文的合理揣度，不能妄自联想和猜测。咱们经过题干中的仅有名词“whale”定位，发现它在第二行，咱们很快也发现这句话的主语是：leatherback turtle, whale仅仅和它有类推联系，他们很相像，由于文中呈现了“the leatherback turtle is more like a reptilian whale.” 紧接着咱们看到下一句：it swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans, 这句话中呈现代词it, 很明显指代的是上句话中：leatherback turtle, 可是turtle和whale是类推联系，所以turtle能做的事，whale也能够，所以答案和在严寒的海水中能够游得很远有关，所以答案是B。

　　经过上述三个题型的解说，咱们不难发现许多托福阅览的题型的解题方法都离不开代词的指代，这就要求咱们以后在阅览文章时，多问问自个这些代词的指代，加以时日的操练，咱们必定能在托福阅览的题型解法上有突飞猛进的进步。

大家在进行托福备考的同时，如果对考位方面也比较紧张，可联系辛达代报为您服务