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　　Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter‘s colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal lead in the blood. Lead may cause irreversible neurological damage as well as renal disease, cardiovascular effects, and reproductive toxicity. Lead toxicity was first recognized as early as 200 B.C. Nicander of Colophon wrote of lead-induced anemia and colic 绞痛in 250 B.C. Gout, 痛风 prevalent in affluent Rome, is thought to be the result of lead, or leaded eating and drinking vessels. Lead was used in makeup. Sugar of lead (lead(II) acetate) was used to sweeten wine, and the gout that resulted from this was known as saturnine gout.

　　Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writing ca. A.D. 30, listed white lead on a list of poisons with antidotes 解毒剂(beside cantharides, hemlock, hyoscyamus, poisoned mushrooms, and a swallowed leech), and claimed it could be remedied by mallow or walnut juice rubbed up in wine.Despite his awareness of lead‘s toxicity, citing many contemporary authorities, Celsus recommended its use in a wide range of ointments applied to wounds to stop bleeding and reduce infection or inflammation.

　　Julius Caesar‘s engineer, Vitruvius, who also served his successor Caesar Augustus, reported, "Water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes. For it seems to be made injurious by lead, because white lead, a pigment base produced by soaking lead in vinegar until a soft paste, is produced from it; and this is said to be harmful to the human body." It should be noted that the prevalence of lead poisoning, at least that caused by drinking water containing lead, in ancient Rome is far less than what is traditionally believed. The hardness of Rome‘s water caused heavy deposits of calcium carbonate to form on pipes and in turn prevented the lead of the pipes from coming into contact with the water, thus reducing the chance of getting lead poisoning from drinking water. The calcium deposits takes some time to collect. Older homes have the potential for less lead exposure where new homes with fresh pipes, connections and construction residue have a good potential for lead poisoning of occupants.[citation needed]

　　In 17th-century Germany, an Ulm physician noticed that monks who did not drink wine were healthy, while wine drinkers developed colic. The culprit 罪犯was sugar of lead, made by simmering处于酝酿中的litharge 一氧化铅with vinegar.[10]

　　In 18th-century Boston, lead poisoning was fairly frequent on account of the widespread drinking of rum in that city, which was distilled in stills with one component (the "worm") made of lead.[11]

　　Devon colic was an affliction caused by lead poisoning which was suffered by the cider drinking people of Devon during the 17th and 18th centuries.

　　Chinese alchemists found that lead could be rendered harmless by soaking it in blood and firing it (citation needed). When this process was repeated several times it provided a protective coat that lead could not pass. The only notable use of this measure was by martial artists so they could use the heavy metal as weights for training.

　　Today, most exposure in developed countries is the result of occupational hazards, leaded paint, and leaded gasoline (which continues to be phased out in most countries). Lead poisoning interferes with the normal development of the brain.

　　The term "lead poisoning" is sometimes used as a euphemism for gunshot wounds, as almost all bullets are mainly composed of lead. Despite this, bullets lodged in the body rarely cause significant levels of lead poisoning.[12] Bullets lodged in the joints are the exception, as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time.[13]

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