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　　Negative Factual Information Questions，通常译作否定现实信息题，有时也被称为反向现实信息题、扫除列举题或选非题，在阅览10大题型中犯错率一向较高。犯错的因素，通常被简略归结于“粗枝大叶”。固然，在其他题型的答复过程中，同学们通常都是在尽力寻觅与原文说法最为挨近的选项，而遇到否定现实信息题，由于思维惯性，在看到与原文说法根本共同但本该被扫除的选项的时分，通常会忘掉标题中那个大大的EXCEPT或NOT，致使错选。

　　可是，仅仅说不要“粗枝大叶”并没有什么用，就像在穿越雷区的时分仅仅说“要留神哦”并没有太多实践的协助。只有当咱们了解到哪里也许埋雷，哪里也许会有圈套，才更有也许避开危险，安全到达目的地。而在否定现实信息题的答复过程中，对题型认知不行准确是一些标题过错率居高不下的主要因素。

　　而且这锅还真得由ETS（即托福考试命题人）来背。在其出书的《托福考试官方攻略》中，关于否定现实信息题的介绍如下：

　　Negative Factual Information Questions

　　These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. To answer this kind of question, first locate the relevant information in the passage. Then verify that three of the four answer choices are true and that the remaining choice is false. Remember, for this type of question, the correct answer is the one that is NOT true.

　　简略翻译便是，这类题型请求你根据文章中所清晰给出的信息判别哪些选项的说法是准确的，哪些是不准确或文章中未提及的。需求先在文章中定位有关信息，然后判别哪三个选项的说法准确而哪个选项是过错的。而且记住，关于这类题型来说，准确答案反而是那个说法不准确的选项。

　　以上，同学们很容易得出的定论便是，为了答对否定现实信息题，咱们需求扫除三个与原文说法共同的选项，找到那个说法不共同，或未提及的选项。而在绝大多数时分，这个判别选项的思路是准确的。例如在Spartina这篇文章中，有一道否定现实信息题：

　　Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the dayand exposed others).

　　According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true of Spartina alrerniflora EXCEPT:

　　A. It rarely flowers in salt marshes.

　　B. It grows well in intertidal zones.

　　C. It iscommonly referred to as cordgrass.

　　D. It occurs naturally along the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic coast of the United States.

　　准确答案A中的否定词rarely使得该选项与原文榜首句的说法恰好相反。

　　可是，有些标题之所以过错率高，或同学们在答题的时分觉得难，觉得准确答案不好找，通常由于这些题归于所谓的“破例”，即常规思路看似不适用的状况。有许多否定现实信息题，仅从选项的遣词来看，四个选项看似都与原文的某些内容共同。而这是咱们在解读官方攻略的时分通常会疏忽掉的一种也许性，也便是本文标题中所指的“圈套”。假如没有意识到这种也许性的存在，遇到此类标题的时分，犯错的概率天然大大提高。

　　例如以下这道经典例题，来自Westward Migration这篇文章：

　　Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them acrossthe Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lackedthe ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover,European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid;some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.

　　According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT

　　A. the desire to move from one place to the next

　　B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status

　　C. the opportunity to change jobs

　　D. the need to escape religious or political crises

　　本题准确答案D选项来自原文中的这句话The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. 许多同学在答题的过程中只记住看到了“由于宗教或政治而迁徙”这个内容，从而以为D选项与原文说法共同，就想当然的依照常规扫除了这个选项致使错选。但只需略微仔细，就能够意识到这是有些美国人的欧洲先人迁移到美国的因素，而不是美国人西迁的因素，反而是能够直选的准确答案。

　　而另一道来自Role of Play in Development这篇文章的例题：

　　Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually veryactive, involving movement in space and, at times, noise making. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth orfor building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

　　According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

　　A. exposure to predators

　　B. abuildup of fat stores

　　C. a lossof fuel that could be used for growth

　　D. riskof injury from slipping or falling

　　准确答案B选项看似在文章中有直接对应的内容“building up fat stores”，但仔细阅览会发现，失去用以形成脂肪的能量才是游玩的代价之一，而脂肪本身的堆集并不是。乃至这儿的B和C选项可视作一对对立选项，非此即彼，必有一为准确答案。

　　相同，在Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia这篇文章中有一道题：

　　The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruptionor grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant land owners with a definite market orientation.

　　According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to theindustrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT

　　A. Generally liberal trade policies

　　B. Huge projects undertaken by the state

　　C. Relatively uncorrupt governments

　　D. Relatively little social or political disruption

　　准确答案B选项也好像与原文中的“grandiose state projects”共同，但联络前半句话中的without就会意识到恰好与疑问中的EXCEPT对应，这个答案也是能够直选出来的。而这道题的B和C选项也是原文中的并列结构，被处理成了恰好对立的选项。

　　还有更多例题这儿就不一一列举了，而咱们能够得出的定论是：否定现实信息题的四个选项，需求被扫除的那三个必定与原文说法共同，而需求被选出来的那个准确答案，由于选择的仅仅有些内容，1）也许直接与原文对立，2）也许归于彻底未提及，乃至3）看似在原文中能够找到对应，实践内容也契合标题，能够做直选。而意识到准确选项的这三种也许性，意识到否定现实信息题的四个选项在原文中都也许有对应，能协助防止只凭仗有些信息就确定选项对错的这种“粗枝大叶”，也通常比仅仅采用扫除法解题更有功率。

　　可是再仔细想想，任何题型的准确答案，不就应该是契合标题请求的选项吗。从这个视点来看，并不存在所谓的“破例”，无非是标题和选项的遣词，使得否定现实信息题的准确答案也也许与原文的某些内容共同，刚好能够答复疑问。

　　说到底，仔细读标题，仔细读原文，仔细读选项，语句要看完好，不要看一半就想当然，等等这些最根本的请求，是在操练和考试中都要始终如一地坚决贯彻执行的。所谓的窍门，无非是关于各种规则和套路的总结。关于前人的经历，历来不是去盲目信任或生搬硬套，而是在重复验证的过程中，去完善和优化，并最终变成自个能够娴熟运用的才能。

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