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　1 当作者对自个所陈说的内容十分必定，坚持不懈时

　　When the writer is very committed， even passionate， about the ideas he/she writes

　　X asserts that…

　　X strongly argues that…

　　X firmly believes that…

　　X is committed to the idea that…

　　2 当作者引述极为具体详尽的论据来论证其观念时

　　When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas

　　The work of X shows that…

　　X concludes that…

　　X found that…

　　X discovered that…

　　X learned that…

　　3 当作者自身对其所引述或陈说的观念持慎重保存的态度时

　　When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward

　　Research by X indicates that…

　　X suggests that…

　　4 当作者仅凭自己经历表达观念时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only

　　The work of X indicates that…

　　X believes that…

　　X feels that…

　　5 当作者引述在读者看来值得质疑的观念时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical about

　　X claims that…

　　X believes that…

　　According to X…

　　6 当作者十分直爽地陈说观念，并辅以适当清楚明了且理由充沛的论据支撑时

　　When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way， backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presented

　　X states that…

　　X reports that…

　　X notes that…

　　X found that…

　　X observes that…

　　X concludes that…

　　As X points out， …

　　X has drawn attention to the fact that…

　　X argues that…