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　Narrator

　　Listen to part of a talk in a history class.

　　Professor

　　Okay, uh, so last time we were talking about the expansion of the railroad in the nineteenth century—why it was so important in the development of the southwestern United States. Uh, we talked about a couple of things: the railroad brought about land speculation, and development of lands for timber and farming and—well, and this is what I want to talk about today—the railroads brought tourists. They traveled by train, viewing the landscape, and uh, came to get a taste of what the “Wild West” was like. In the past 100 years, a whole tourism industry has grown up around this idea. And uh, just like…ranching, or gold mining, it helped to integrate the Southwest into the economy of the rest of the country…uh, tourism helped integrate the “culture” or life in the Southwest into…well, well kind of into the minds of the rest of the country. And large-scale tourism couldn’t have happened without the expansion of the railroad.

　　So, the railroad brought tourists, and tourists brought some changes that I think are really interesting. Uh, the thing about tourism that you should know first, and this has been determined by sociologists…sociologists say that tourists look for the familiar. Most tourists don’t go someplace looking for new things. They go looking for things they already know something about. Tourists will have some sense of the culture of a place—maybe based on a stereotype or a generalization—but but that’s what they expect to see. And places that—deal with tourism, create things knowing this—they create what tourists are looking for. Take the Grand Canyon Railway…any of you been on it? Well, this is a train that takes tourists to the Grand Canyon, and while you’re on the train, you see fake shootouts and gunfights. Now, the railroad running to the Grand Canyon was never actually robbed. But tourists have this idea that this was what things were like in the “Wild West,” you know, gunfights and train robberies, and the tourist railway wants to make them happy. There’s a great term for this…it’s called staged authenticity.

　　In other words, people go to the Grand Canyon to see this fantastic natural landscape but they also want to get a sense of what it was like there during the real “Wild West.” Well, the railway knows this, so they try to re-create some of that cultural history. And, oh, and we also see this at the Grand Canyon with the creation of Hopi House. Have any of you visited Hopi House?

　　Student A

　　I went there last year.

　　Professor

　　Could you tell the class what it was like?

　　Student A

　　Yeah…it’s kind of a, a big gift shop…where they sell traditional crafts—jewelry, pottery... stuff like that. And supposedly it’s really made by Hopi people, the people who live there.

　　Professor

　　Anything else? What about the architecture?

　　Student A

　　Oh, right. It’s an unusual building…it’s supposed to look like a real Hopi building, I think.

　　Professor

　　Good, I noticed the same things. Now I’m not saying Hopi House is a fraud—the stuff they sell really is made by Hopi artists--but it’s still an example of staged authenticity. Something I bet you didn’t know…the Hopis never actually lived in, or even near, the Grand Canyon. There was another Native American people who lived in the Canyon, known as the Havasupi [hah-va-SOOP-ee]. But the tourist company that ran the place—it was called the Harvey Company—decided to hire the Hopi instead of the Havasupi. Can anyone guess why?

　　Student B

　　Were the Hopi better artists? I mean, did they make better things?

　　Professor

　　Not really. The way I understand it, the people at the Harvey Company were very good at making money, and they figured that the Hopi people and the Hopi crafts would sell better to the tourists. So they built Hopi House, and hired the Hopi people to work there and uh, one of those people, uh, a famous Hopi potter, was hired by the Harvey Company and she worked to rebuild, or or kind of restructure, the Hopi pottery. It’s not sure whether this was her own doing or whether she was instructed to do this but… archaeologists working at ancient sites in the Southwest uncovered pottery and she started copying the same style.

　　And, well there’s some debate about that/…whether it was her idea or whether she was told to do it.

　　Either way, before you know it Hopi pottery was changing. It’s, it’s another case of the contradictions of staged authenticity—certainly the Hopi pottery you buy there is real. I mean, it does represent the pottery of the Southwest. But the Hopi people are not the traditional inhabitants of the Canyon, and their art gets affected by the tourist market—the the Harvey Company basically changed history to make money.

　　Narrator

　　Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

　　12. What is the talk mainly about?

The differences between the traditions of the Hopi and Havasupi peopleThe relationship between tourism and Southwestern cultural historyThe impact of Native American crafts on Grand Canyon tourismHow tourism in the Southwest has changed in the past 100 years

　　13. Why does the professor mention the expansion of the railroad in the nineteenth century?

To emphasize the importance of the railroad to the development of farming in the SouthwestTo explain the increased mobility of Native American peoplesTo provide background for a discussion of Southwestern tourismTo give an example of the dangers tourists faced in the Southwest

　　14. What does the professor say about the Grand Canyon Railway?

It is the only way to travel to the Grand Canyon.It provides entertainment for passengers.Its passengers often consider it to be too slow.It is owned and operated by the Hopi people.

　　15. According to the professor, what does Hopi House demonstrate?

Two Native American groups share control of the Grand Canyon tourist industry.The history portrayed by the tourist industry is not always accurate.Native American art and culture have not been influenced by tourism.The Grand Canyon Railway has benefited many Native American groups.

　　16. What does the professor say about the pottery now sold at Hopi House?

It is made in another country and imported to the United States.It is less expensive than pottery sold elsewhere in the area.It is produced by the traditional inhabitants of the Grand Canyon.Its style has been influenced by ancient pottery found in the Southwest. 

　　Narrator

　　Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.

　　Professor

　　archaeologists working at ancient sites in the Southwest uncovered pottery and she started copying the same style.

　　And, well there’s some debate about that/…whether it was her idea or whether she was told to do it.

　　17. Why does the professor say this: [This text will only be heard.]

　　Professor

　　“And, well there’s some debate about that”

To express uncertainty about the factsTo criticize the company’s decisionTo explain that the story is not trueTo encourage students to express their opinions