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　托福阅览TPO30(试题+答案+译文)。小编为同学们供给托福阅览TPO30(试题+答案+译文)，咱们可以经过做题来查验自个的缺乏，然后依据答案和译文总结剖析。期望托福阅览TPO30可以协助同学们备考。

　　托福阅览原文

　　【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, andthe viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously butslowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale ofmodern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in theimperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comfortingposition, repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentiethcentury, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism tomost biologists' satisfaction.

　　【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new argumentsbased on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and NilesEldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuatedequilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relativelysudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution areseparated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.

　　【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of thefossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but hasusually been ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millionsof years—a situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin's model of continuous change.Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities agiven species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation ofrock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.

　　【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic textbookexample of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuatedequilibrium. A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—eachslightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually.But close examination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horsesevolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years andwas eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded thethree-toed Miohippus, for example, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky,uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process,one might expect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.

　　【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: analteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings intoone that has two pairs of wings.

　　【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolutionever proceed gradually, or does it always occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thickrock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.

　　【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look atone type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies oftrilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse intothree million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eightdifferent trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number ofsegments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. Nosignificant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmentalconditions were quite stable during the period he examined.

　　【8】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from manydifferent periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from onespecies to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the normduring periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs duringperiods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we cansay for sure.

　　托福阅览试题

　　1.The word "innumerable" in the passage is closest in the meaning to

　　A.countless.

　　B.occasional.

　　C.large.

　　D.repeated.

　　2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true EXCEPT

　　A.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.

　　B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to explain why it is difficult to see continuous smallchanges in the evolution of species.

　　C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed inthe evolutionary record.

　　D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism explainedevolutionary change.

　　3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that speciesevolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.

　　B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredgewas challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualismby positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthytransition period.

　　D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitionsfrom one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

　　4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesisand the gradualism hypothesis differed about

　　A.Whether the fossil record is complete.

　　B.Whether all species undergo change.

　　C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.

　　D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.

　　5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of somespecies

　　A.has been extensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.

　　B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.

　　C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.

　　D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.

　　6.The word "compelling" in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning to

　　A.surprising.

　　B.persuasive.

　　C.controversial.

　　D.detailed.

　　7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the followingways EXCEPT in

　　A.the number of toes they have.

　　B.the length of their face.

　　C.their overall size.

　　D.the number of years they live.

　　8.The word "alteration" in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to

　　A.imperfection.

　　B.replacement.

　　C.change.

　　D.duplication.

　　9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthefollowing about trilobites?

　　A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.

　　B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.

　　C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.

　　D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.

　　10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

　　A.undoubtedly.

　　B.basically.

　　C.once in a while.

　　D.to some extent.

　　11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is to

　　A.Describe one test of the competing theories.

　　B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.

　　C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.

　　D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.

　　12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe thatenvironmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the twomodes will be in operation over a given period.

　　■【A】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from manydifferent periods. ■【B】Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition fromone species to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow, continuous change may be thenorm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occursduring periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are neededbefore we can say for sure.

　　13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctlycharacterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterizegradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.

　　A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.

　　B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.

　　C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.

　　D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.

　　E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.

　　F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.

　　G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.

　　1 )

　　Gradualism

　　A B C D E F G

　　2 )

　　punctuated equilibrium

　　A B C D E F G

　　托福阅览答案

　　1.innumerable是不行计数的，A是许多的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。这个单词是numerable加否定前缀，很简单就能推出意思来。

　　2.A答案对应榜首段第二句， B对应榜首段第三句，D对应一段最终一句。C与原文抵触，原文一向在说darwin理论被大家广泛接受。

　　3.高亮语句的骨干有些是断点平衡论挑战了本来的渐进论，然后解说了断点平衡论的内容。A选项which润饰不明，简单产生误解;B选项与原文对立，C与原文不符，原文S和N的观念是change的发作是withoutlengthy transition的。D和原文意思相符，而且也包含了一切的骨干有些。

　　4.依据原文，渐进论是说物种演化是经过长期的缓慢改动发作的;断点平衡论是说物种演化是短期迸发的。所以选择C，进化是不是是匀速发作的。

　　5.依据lack of intermediate fossils定位到第三段倒数第二句，在往前看一句说，这一状况关于达尔文学说是不好的，而达尔文学说恰是渐进论，这一段的最终也说本来的物种俄然被更换，而不是渐渐进化改动的。所以C契合原文意思。 A与原文榜首句破折号后对立，原文说这一现象一向被Ignored，B选项原文对立，该现象应当是反对了达尔文学说，支撑了物种有长期不改动的观念。D尽管准确可是仅仅本段的细节，不能表达主题，所以不选。

　　6.Compel自身是逼迫，此处作为evidence的形容词可以延伸为说服力强的。因而答案选B 有说服力的。A是惊讶的，C是有争议的，D是细节的。都不沾边。另外经过句义可以判别，前文说马的进化was once 是经典的渐进论的证实，is now(纤细转机)提了"equally"如何的依据证实了点断平衡论，前文已然说对gradualevolution很支撑，那么后文呈现equally，那应当对点断论也是有力依据。因而选B。

　　7.对应有些在第四段的第二句和第五句，只要D选项没有呈现。

　　8.这一句话说一个如何的单一基因就足以变一个普通飞禽的一对的正常翅为两对羽翼，所以有推理应当是要改动这个基因。所以选C，Alteration是修正，改动，A选项是不完美，B是更换，D是复制 带入后都改动了原文的意思。

　　9.依据Peter Sheldon定位到原文第二句。后面临trilobites进行了描绘，A选项对应了原文第三句，后文又继续说没有显着的断点。所以A准确。 B与原文第四句抵触。C与第三句抵触，D原文没有这种说法。而且上文也标明它契合gradual evolvement。

　　10.occasionally，是偶然偶然的意思。A是毫无疑问的，B是基本上，C是偶然有一次。D是在必定程度上。因而应当选C。而且上文提出疑问说是不是有过逐步进化?那么下文给的是一个逐步进化的比方，所以应当是在表达偶然有一两个的意思。

　　11.上文说实地勘察会给competing theories供给test，第七段就给了实验比方，那么就证实是A准确。B与原文抵触，这个比方是支撑渐进论的。C也不对，理由同上。D与原文目的不符。

　　12.首要语句开头呈现了They，那么咱们应当能在前文找到一个说到人物的当地，语句又提出environmentalcondition的效果，那么后文应当会呈现对这一理论的解说，那么C是契合的，也可以进行代入验证。

　　13.A断点平衡论观念为物种改动发作俄然，疾速，契合。B对应文章榜首段榜首句话，契合渐进论。C与原文第四段第二句对立，原文说马进化会变大。不选。D原文榜首段榜首句，契合渐进论。E对应原文第三段。契合点断平衡论。F原文没说到，不选。G原文最终一段，说渐进论应当会是环境比较安稳的状况下的进化规矩。契合渐进论。

　　托福阅览译文

　　【1】近来的一个关于进化的研讨引发了剧烈的争辩。达尔文的初始观念和进化渐进主义者支撑的观念是物种会继续地改动，但十分缓慢，增量也很小。这种改动是普遍的，可是如今短时刻的查询是不能发觉的，而且，这个观念宣称，它们通常被掩盖于不完美的化石记载的不行计数的缺失中。渐进主义及其对物种缓慢改动的引力让人欣然接受，并在世代的教科书中重复呈现。在20世纪早前之前，令大有些的生物学家满足于使用渐进主义来答复关于进化速率的疑问。

　　【2】有时，现已有了定论的疑问必须由在已有依据基础上呈现的新的依据和新的观念使其从头展开讨论。在1972年，古生物专家Stephen Jay Gould和 Niles Eldredge用相反的观念挑战了尘俗的定论，即断点平衡说，它假设了物种演化为新的物种是经过相对俄然的迸发，并非经过长期的过渡期间。敏捷的进化期被时刻相对更长的静态期分隔，而在静态期间，物种是简直彻底不变的。

　　【3】断点平衡论试着去解说化石记载的一个乖僻的特色----在超越一个世纪的时刻里它现已为古生物专家所了解，但一向被忽视。许多物种好像在上百万年的化石记载中一向没有改动，这个状况与达尔文的模型所支撑的物种的继续改动相悖。进化渐进论的支撑者所猜测的中心状态的化石一向没有呈现。在大有些蛤和珊瑚的聚集地，其化石在很厚的岩石中都实际上没有改动，仅仅俄然被另一新的而且不一样的物种而替代。

　　【4】北美马的进化从前被用作经典的教科书事例来证实突变进化论，如今却为断点平衡学供给了相同有说服力的依据。一个有说服力的5千万年的马先人的进化模型----每一代都稍稍大一点，有更杂乱的牙齿，更长的脸，和中心更杰出的脚趾----这一切都看似强有力的支撑了达尔文的观念，物种是逐步地进化的。可是，对这些化石更严谨的验证如今提醒了一个不太相同的故事。马是在不接连的进程中进化的，其间每个进化进程中心都有上百万年时刻坚持不变，在最终被一个不一样的更新的模型替代。比方四只脚趾的Eohippus 在三只脚趾的moihippus之前，但北美化石依据标明在这之间有一个不平稳的，不均衡的变换进程。假如进化一向都是接连，渐进的进程，大家应当预期到的是每年的化石样本都会存在纤细的不一样。

　　【5】假如很难想象大的改动会敏捷发作，想想这些：一个单一基因的改动就足以将有一对羽翼的苍蝇成为两对羽翼。

　　【6】关于进化速度的疑问如今发作了转变：进化进程是逐步发作的么，仍是老是俄然短时刻的迸发?对富含化石的厚岩层的细致的现场查询可以查验这两个备受争辩的理论。

　　【7】偶然，有一个系列的化石丰厚的岩石可以答应大家综合性的查询一种生物在很长一段时刻中的改动。比方，Peter Sheldon关于三叶虫，一种已灭绝的身体分节的海洋生物，的研讨供给了其对三百万年来在同一海洋环境下进化的一些细节。研讨中，八种三叶虫都查询到了其身体节数数量逐步改动的进程，在全部时刻段中，通常身体都增加了一到两节。没有显着的不连贯，这使sheldon得出定论：海洋环境在那段时刻是比较安稳的。

　　【8】许多来自不一样期间的不一样的生物都需求展开相似的附近研讨。大多数研讨者期望发现物种进化的这两种模式都存在。缓慢的，接连的改动可能是在环境安稳的时刻段下的规则，而疾速进化的新物种则发作在环境改动期间的压力下。可是，咱们需求更多的想Sheldon所做的研讨以证实这个观念。

　　上述即是小编为同学们介绍的托福阅览TPO30(试题+答案+译文)。看了答案和译文以后，同学们要对自个做得不好的当地加以改正，信任同学们的努力必定可以换来丰盈的硕果。