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　　286. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools.

　　The phrase "in place of" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) connected to

　　(B) in addition to

　　(C) because of

　　(D) instead of

　　The word "attendant" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) avoidable

　　(B) accompanying

　　(C) unwelcome

　　(D) unexpected

　　287. Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16, 000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century.

　　The phrase "exponential leaps" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) long wars

　　(B) new laws

　　(C) rapid increases

　　(D) exciting changes

　　288. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities.

　　The word "dictated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) spoiled

　　(B) reduced

　　(C) determined

　　(D) divided

　　289. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied; there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants.

　　The word "virtually" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) usually

　　(B) hardly

　　(C) very quickly

　　(D) almost completely

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