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　　surging—— To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating

　　surpass—— To be or go beyond， as in degree or quality; exceed胜过=exceed， outrun

　　sustain—— To keep in existence; maintain继续生存;维持=maintain

　　sustenance—— Something， especially food， that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink; diet食物和饮料

　　Means of livelihood生计=livelihood

　　supplement——Something added to complete a thing， make up for a deficiency， or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension

　　An addition that increases the area， influence， operation， or contents of something扩大

　　supreme——Greatest in importance， degree， significance， character， or achievement最重要的=outstanding

　　succinct——Characterized by clear， precise expression in few words; concise and terse简明的=concise

　　sufficient——Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate

　　sumptuous——Of a size or splendor suggesting great expense; lavish豪华的;花费奢侈的=luxurious

　　substantial——Considerable in importance， value， degree， amount， or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy of consideration; significant重要的

　　substitute——One that takes the place of another; a replacement代用品=replacement， in place of代替

　　subsidize——To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金

　　subtle——So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze; elusive纤细的，细小的=slight

　　submit——提出，提交=present提出;呈递

　　subsidy——Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金

　　subject to ——在……条件下;易受……的侵袭;受控制=expose to， susceptible to

　　stretch——A continuous or unbroken length， area， or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities， as of a bridge or roof; the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间

　　strike——To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout

　　To come to; attain来到;到达= make contact with

　　striking—— Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable; conspicuous显眼的

　　stringent—— Imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe严格的=strict

　　stimulus—— Something that incites or rouses to action; an incentive激发物=motivate

　　strain ——To pull， draw， or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧

　　stationary—— Not capable of being moved; fixed不能被移动的;固定的=fixed， immobile

　　status——Position relative to that of others; standing地位=standing

　　sticky——shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface; adhesive粘的=adhere， cement

　　staple—— A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element

　　squirt—— To issue forth in a thin forceful stream or jet; spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出

　　staggering—— Causing great astonishment， amazement， or dismay; overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的;使束手无策的=overwhelming

　　spur—— To incite or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate

　　speculate about—— To assume to be true without conclusive evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设

　　spinal——Of， relating to， or situated near the spine or spinal cord; vertebral脊柱的=backbone

　　spark—— To set in motion; activate发动;触发=bring about引起;致使;造成;达成

　　spawn—— To give rise to; engender造成;使产生=create

　　solemn—— Deeply earnest， serious， and sober庄严的，极认真的，严肃的=serious

　　slope——declivity A downward slope， as of a hill斜坡

　　smother—— To suffocate (another)使窒息=eliminate To get rid of; remove消灭;消除

　　snap—— To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折断=break

　　signify—— To denote; mean表示…的意思=denote

　　simultaneously——同时存在[发生]地=concurrently同时发生的，并存的;合作的

　　skepticism—— A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind; dubiety怀疑态度=doubt

　　shield—— To protect or defend with or as if with a shield; guard保护、防卫=protect

　　secrete—— To conceal in a hiding place; cache躲藏=produce??

　　scarce—— Hard to find; absent or rare难得的;缺少的或罕见的=rare

　　scores—— A composition written for a musical comedy配乐=musical compositions音乐作品

　　scent—— A perfume香水=perfume

　　scale—— To climb up or over; ascend攀登=climb

　　sanitation—— Formulation and application of measures designed to protect public health.

　　卫生措施=health

　　tremendous—— Extremely large in amount， extent， or degree; enormous巨大的=huge， greatly

　　trend—— A general tendency or inclination趋向=tendency

　　trap—— A contrivance for catching and holding animals， as a concealed pit or a clamp like device that springs shut suddenly陷阱=entomb To place in or as if in a tomb or grave埋葬

　　trace—— A visible mark， such as a footprint， made or left by the passage of a person， an animal， or a thing痕迹=imprint， residue The remainder of something after removal of parts or a part残留物

　　textile—— A cloth， especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric纺织品=cloth， fabric

　　terrestrial—— Of， relating to， or composed of land陆地的=land

　　terrain—— An area of land; ground地区;地带=land

　　tedium—— The quality or condition of being tedious; tediousness or boredom单调乏味=tiresome

　　temporarily—— Lasting， used， serving， or enjoyed for a limited time在有限的时间内持续地、被使用、发挥作用=makeshift A temporary or expedient substitute for something else.

　　权宜之计，暂时或临时替代其它事物的东西

　　usher—— To precede and introduce; inaugurate宣告，展示介绍;开始，开创=begin

　　unrestricted—— adj.无限制的，自由的=unlimited

　　unsubstantiated——未经证实的，未经证明的=unverified未经证实的，未经核对的

　　unravel—— To separate and clarify the elements of (something mysterious or baffling); solve分散并澄清=discover

　　undoubtedly——确实，无疑地，必定=unquestionably不成问题的;无可非议的;无可指责的

　　undergo—— To pass through; experience经过;经历=experience

　　unadorned—— Without adornment or embellishment; simple or plain未加装饰的;简单的，朴素的=plain

　　venerable—— Commanding respect by virtue of age， dignity， character， or position值得敬重的，令人崇敬的=worship Ardent devotion; adoration.热烈的崇拜;崇敬

　　variable—— Likely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeable易变的=unstable

　　vivid—— Evoking lifelike images within the mind; heard， seen， or felt as if real生动的=graphic Described in vivid detail生动细致地描写的

　　witness—— To take note of; observe作记录;观察=observe

　　yield—— To give forth by or as if by a natural process， especially by cultivation生产=provide， produce

　　Supplements

　　adjunct-addition辅助-附加

　　coarse-rough粗糙-粗糙

　　collectively-together共同的-一起

　　conclusive-definitive最后的，结论性的-最后的，确定性的

　　concomitant with-in conjunction with与…相一致-与…相一致

　　condone-mercy宽恕-宽恕

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