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　081. These writers, who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the  "railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from  memory.

　　The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest in meaning to

　　(A) grew in

　　(B) disappeared from

　　(C) remained in

　　(D) developed from

　　082. The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a  different and novel design. It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of  American industrial progress, Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .

　　The word "novel" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) fictional

　　(B) intricate

　　(C) innovative

　　(D) powerful

　　083. The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became  obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power. As early  as 1802 he was using a stationarysteam engine of high-pressure design in his  mill. Engines of this type were not unknown, but before Evans they were  generally considered impractical and dangerous.

　　The word "stationary" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) single

　　(B) fixed

　　(C) locomotive

　　(D) modified

　　084. In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.

　　The word "vessel" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) fuel

　　(B) crew

　　(C) cargo

　　(D) craft

　　085. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then  at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions  needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.

　　The word "emerged" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) increased

　　(B) concluded

　　(C) succeeded

　　(D) appeared

　　The word "outlining" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) assigning

　　(B) studying

　　(C) checking

　　(D) summarizing

　　086. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with  chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying  thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with  small brushes.

　　The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) decisive

　　(B) careful

　　(C) natural

　　(D) unusual

　　087. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where  each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of  fine brushes.

　　The word "demanded" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) ordered

　　(B) reported

　　(C) required

　　(D) questioned

　　088. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting  may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly  unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely,  numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied  the paint.

　　The word "imitate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) copy

　　(B) illustrate

　　(C) promote

　　(D) believe in

　　089. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly   behavioral- information, crows are less well known than many comparably common  species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered  California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for  this.

　　The word "comparably" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) interestingly

　　(B) similarly

　　(C) otherwise

　　(D) sometimes

　　090. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests  and inclinations, strategies and scams.

　　The word "inclination" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　(A) tricks

　　(B) opportunities

　　(C) preferences

　　(D) experiences

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